RFID verifier system with grade classification

ABSTRACT

An RFID verifier includes a transmit signal strength indicator (TSSI) and a receive signal strength indicator (RSSI). Using the TSSI, the RFID verifier may determine the amount of power an interrogated RFID tag is illuminated with. Similarly, using the RSSI, the RFID verifier may determine the amount of power returned to the RFID verifier by the RFID tag. By processing the returned power and the illuminating power with a transfer function, the RFID verifier may provide an absolute indicia of quality for the interrogated RFID tag.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to RFID applications. More particularly, the present invention relates to an RFID reader or interrogator configured to, verify RFID transponder operation.

BACKGROUND

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems represent the next step in automatic identification techniques started by the familiar bar code schemes. Whereas bar code systems require line-of-sight (LOS) contact between a scanner and the bar code being identified, RFID techniques do not require LOS contact. This is a critical distinction because bar code systems often need manual intervention to ensure LOS contact between a bar code label and the bar code scanner. In sharp contrast, RFID systems eliminate the need for manual alignment between an RFID tag and an RFID reader or interrogator, thereby keeping labor costs at a minimum. In addition, bar code labels can become soiled in transit, rendering them unreadable. Because RFID tags are read using RF transmissions instead of optical transmissions, such soiling need not render RFID tags unreadable. Moreover, RFID tags may be written to in write-once or write-many fashions whereas once a bar code label has been printed further modifications are impossible. These advantages of RFID systems have resulted in the rapid growth of this technology despite the higher costs of RFID tags as compared to a printed bar code label.

Although RFID systems have certain advantages over bar coding schemes, they share many concerns as well. For example, bar code scanners can merely read a bar code label; they cannot provide a measure of quality. Because a marginal bar code may be readable by one scanner but not another, users have no way of reliably detecting the marginal bar codes using conventional bar code scanners. Thus, bar code verifiers have been used to measure bar code quality metrics such as contrast, average bar deviation, and related quality indicia. Marginal bar code labels may thus be identified by bar code verifiers, thereby assuring users that their products may be reliably identified. The same concern for quality applies to RFID tags as well. However, the backscatter modulation commonly used to read information from passive RFID tags complicates the RFID verification process. In backscatter modulation, the interrogating RF beam itself provides the power for the RFID tag to respond. One verification metric would thus be how well a given RFID tag absorbed RF energy and retransmitted the energy to the RFID reader. But RF energy is absorbed by many objects in an RFID tag's environment. A conventional RFID reader has no way of determining whether a tag has absorbed RF energy or whether the absorption occurred due to environmental effects. Instead, a conventional RFID reader can merely determine the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the backscattered signal from a passive RFID tag. A marginal RFID tag may be malfunctioning but illuminated with enough RF energy that the backscattered signal provided a sufficient SNR so that the RFID tag's signal may be decoded correctly. This same marginal RFID tag may be unreadable in less pristine RF environments. If an RFID tag could be verified to a known standard, such marginal RFID tags could be detected and replaced.

The need to verify RFID tags to a known standard is exacerbated by other RFID system properties. For example, RFID tags are not what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSIWYG) whereas a bar code label is. In other words, it doesn't matter what type of article a bar code label is affixed to because readability of the label is not affected, for example, by the article's color. However, the readability of an RFID tag may be strongly affected by the environment in which it is located. Thus, it is not possible to create a golden standard without knowledge of an RFID tag's context or environment. Moreover, because RFID tags can be physically or electrically damaged in transit, RFID systems are complicated by the need to find a safe position for the RFID tag. The juggling of RFID tag placement with RF absorption from the tag's environment can be a formidable task. Finally, the programmability of RFID tags requires that the fidelity of the RF link between an RFID reader and the RFID tag being interrogated must be relatively flawless. Accordingly, there is a need in the art to provide an RFID verifier that can more accurately verify operation of RFID tags using context-sensitive quality standards.

SUMMARY

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, an RFID verifier is provided. The RFID verifier includes: a transceiver operable to interrogate with an interrogating signal an RFID tag and to read a resulting signal from the interrogated RFID tag; a transmit signal strength indicator operable to measure the interrogating signal power; a received signal strength indicator operable to measure the power of the signal from the interrogated RFID tag; and a processor operable to compare the measured interrogating signal power and RFID tag signal power to obtain an measure of quality for the interrogated RFID tag, the processor being configured to classify the measure of quality with reference to a predetermined absolute measure of quality. Advantageously, this RFID verifier allows the user to create context-sensitive standards. Should the RFID verifier be integrated with a bar code printer, the RFID verifier may use these context-sensitive standards to allow only standard-passing tags to have a bar code label printed without backup and over-striking of the RFID tag.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, an RFID tag verification method is provided that includes the acts of: determining a first location from which an absolute measure of quality may be measured from a first RFID tag; from a second location: determining a measure of quality for the first RFID tag to establish a transfer function between the measure of quality at the second location and the absolute measure of quality from the first location; interrogating a second RFID tag with an interrogating RFID signal; measuring the power of the interrogating RF signal; receiving a modulated RF signal from a second interrogated RFID tag; measuring the power of the received modulated RF signal from the second interrogated RFID tag; and processing the measured powers from the interrogated second RFID tag with the transfer function to provide an absolute measure of quality for the interrogated second RFID tag. Based upon the absolute measure of quality, the interrogated second RFID tag may then be classified as either accepted or rejected.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a system is provided that includes: a bar code label printer; and an RFID verifier including a transceiver operable to interrogate with an interrogating signal an RFID tag and to receive a resulting backscattered signal from the interrogated RFID tag; a transmit signal strength indicator operable to measure the interrogating signal power; a received signal strength indicator operable to measure the signal power from the interrogated RFID tag; and a processor operable to compare the measured interrogating signal power and RFID tag signal power to obtain an measure of quality for the interrogated RFID tag, the processor being configured to classify the measure of quality with reference to a predetermined absolute measure of quality, wherein the interrogated RFID tag is associated with an article, the system being configured to apply a bar code label from the printer to the article if the measure of quality is classified into an acceptable grade of quality.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an RFID verifier in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an RF transceiver for the RFID verifier of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is illustrates an RFID tag antenna emission pattern with respect to an azimuth scan by an RFID verifier in accordance with an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a graph of the signal intensity as a function of range.

FIG. 5 illustrates a verifier display having fiducials oriented such that the verifier may be located at a predetermined angular displacement from the RFID tag antenna boresight.

FIG. 6 illustrates the verifier display of FIG. 5 having the fiducials oriented such that the verifier may be located at another predetermined angular displacement.

FIG. 7 is a graph of the signal strength profile as a function of angular displacement resulting from a scan between the angular displacements of FIGS. 5 and 6.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an RFID verifier in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a system having a verifier integrated with a bar code printer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates the beam intensity patterns for RFID tags having either a bowtie patch antenna or a dipole antenna.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Turning now to the Figures, a block diagram of an exemplary RFID verifier 100 is shown in FIG. 1. RFID verifier 100 includes an RF transceiver and processor 105. As known in the RFID art, transceiver transmits an RF signal 110 to provide power to a passive RFID tag 120. Having thus been provided energy, passive RFID tag modulates the RF signal 110 and backscatters an encoded RFID signal 125 to RF transceiver 105. Transceiver 105 includes separate RF antennas 130, one for transmitting RF signal 110 and another for receiving encoded RFID signal 125. However, it will be appreciated that other embodiments of RF transceiver 105 could use a single antenna for both transmission and reception.

During verification, it is desirable that RFID verifier 100 be located in an optimum location for interrogating RFID tag. For example, RFID tag 120 may include a dipole antenna having a maximum gain in a boresight direction 140. To get a measure of the quality for RFID tag 120, verifier 100 should be located such that the maximum gains of antennas 130 are also in the boresight direction 140. If verifier 100 is not optimally oriented in this fashion, an otherwise acceptable RFID tag 120 may be deemed of low quality simply because antennas 120 and 130 are not oriented to transmit and receive the maximum achievable RF energy. An analogous orientation must be made during verification of bar code labels in that if the bar code verifier is not normally directed to the bar code label, the resulting skew affects the quality of the bar code decryption. It will be appreciated that RFID tag 120 could be provided with fiducials such that a trained technician would understand how to manually orient RFID verifier 105 in the optimal orientation with respect to the tag's fiducials.

To eliminate the need for a trained technician who would appreciate, for example, that if a tag's antenna is a dipole antenna, how to properly orient RFID verifier 100 with respect to this dipole's boresight, embodiments of RFID verifier 100 will include intelligence to assist an operator in the proper orientation. For example, RFID verifier 100 may include an image processor 150 coupled to a lens assembly 155 and a display 160. Depending upon the desired orientation of verifier 100, image processor 150 would orient fiducials 165 on display 160 such that an image of RFID tag 120 is centered within these fiducials 165. Alternatively, as will be explained further herein, verifier 100 may include a GPS unit (not illustrated) so as to assist in the proper orientation of verifier 100.

To provide an indicia of tag quality, verifier 100 includes a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) 170 and a transmitted signal strength indicator (TSSI) 175. Rather than use relative indicia such as SNR or bit error rate, RSSI 170 should be configured such that it provides a calibrated indication of the received signal strength. In this fashion, processor 105 may compare transmitted power for RF signal 110 as provided by TSSI 175 to received power for encoded RFID signal 125. For example, based upon this comparison, RFID tags could be sorted into “A” level, “B” level, and “C” level categories. Advantageously, this comparison can be made for RFID tags that are on packages in a production setting. Marginal RFID tags may then be immediately detected and replaced as necessary.

Turning now to FIG. 2, a schematic illustration for an exemplary embodiment of a superheterodyne transceiver 105 is shown. It will be appreciated, however, that baseband or homodyne architectures may also be implemented. A low noise amplifier (LNA) 200 amplifies a received RF signal denoted as RF_(in) (signal 125 in FIG. 1) to provide an input to an RF multiplexer (MUX) 205. After coupling through RF MUX 205, the amplified received RF signal is downconverted to IF in a mixer 210 responsive to a local oscillator (LO) signal. The downconverted analog IF signal from mixer 210 may then be digitized in an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 215 to provide a digital IF signal. A digital transceiver 250 decodes the digital IF to identify the RF tag being interrogated. In addition this decoding may be used to provide other indicia of quality such as bit error rate (BER).

As discussed in the background section, verification based upon a relative variable for the received RF signal such as SNR would be error prone because the resulting RFID verifier would have no way of distinguishing, for example, an otherwise-acceptable RFID tag located within an RF absorbing environment from an unacceptable RFID tag located in a pristine RF environment. To provide an accurate received signal strength indication, an LNA 220 matched to LNA 200 amplifies a reference signal from a reference oscillator 225 to provide an amplified reference signal to RF MUX 205. Thus, through operation of RF MUX 205, either the amplified reference signal or the amplified received RF signal is downconverted in mixer 210 and then digitized in ADC 215. Reference oscillator 225 is calibrated such that if MUX 205 selects for the amplified reference signal, the resulting digitized IF reference signal is also of known power because the gain of LNA 220 is known. In this fashion, the digitized IF received signal may be compared to a digitized reference IF signal of known power such that an absolute power value for the digitized IF received signal may be obtained through the comparison.

An analogous measurement is made for an RF signal (denoted as RF_(out)) that will couple to the transmitting antenna 130 (FIG. 1) to provide transmitted RF signal 110. To provide RF_(out), transceiver 100 generates a digital IF signal 229 that is converted into analog form in a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 230. It will be appreciated that reference oscillator 225 may be formed in an analogous fashion: the generation of a reference digital IF signal that is then upconverted according to a reference RF signal. Digital IF signal 229 is up converted to RF in a mixer 235 responsive to the LO signal. A power amplifier 240 amplifies the resulting RF signal to provide RF_(out). It will be appreciated that transmitting antenna 130 has internal losses such that the power of transmitted RF signal 110 is less than the power in RF_(out). It is desirable, however, to accurately know the power of the transmitted RF signal 110 to properly verify an RFID tag. Thus, TSSI 175 receives both the input to power amplifier 240 and its output. Because the gain of power amplifier 240 is known, TSSI 175 can then calculate the power for transmitted RF signal 110, thereby accounting for any losses introduced by transmitting antenna 130.

It will be appreciated that numerous processing architectures may be used to process the received digital IF signal and to generate the transmitted digital IF signal. For example, transceiver 250 including digital filters, I/Q demodulators, and a digital signal processor may be used to process and generate these signals. Higher-level functions would be implemented within a microprocessor 260. An input/output and user interface module 270 allows a user to interact with microprocessor 260. Regardless of the particular architecture implemented, the use of RSSI 170 and TSSI 175 enables an accurate verification of RFID tags.

Prior to verification of an RFID tag, the optimum range between the tag and verifier 100 should be determined. This optimal range may be experimentally determined or be provided by the manufacturer of the RFID tag being verified. A user of verifier 100 may perform an experimental determination by making received signal strength measurements at varying ranges in the boresight direction 120 for RFID tag 120.

These range-varying measurements may be better explained with respect to a typical antenna emission pattern for an RFID tag dipole antenna is shown in FIG. 3. As can be seen from the emission pattern, transmitted RF energy from the antenna drops off as angular displacements are made from boresight direction 140, which is denoted as the ideal read path in FIG. 3. For example, measurements made at the angular displacements denoted as azimuth 1 and azimuth 2 will mischaracterize the transmitted signal strength. However, measurements made in the boresight direction 140 will measure the strongest emissions from the RFID antenna. An exemplary graph of measurements made along boresight direction 140 is shown in FIG. 4. It can be seen that transmitted signal strength from the RFID tag peaks at an ideal read position A. Should measurements occur any closer to RFID tag 120 than position A, near-field effects decrease the transmitted signal strength. Similarly, should measurements occur at ranges further than position A from RFID tag 120, far-field effects decrease the transmitted signal strength. A typical range for ideal read position A is approximately three meters. However, it will be appreciated that an ideal read position for a given RFID tag will depend upon the type of antenna being implemented within the given RFID tag.

Having determined the ideal read position, the corresponding range from RFID tag 120 to verifier 100 may be used to size fiducials 165 such that a user may readily manually orient verifier 100 at the proper range by aligning fiducials 165 with RFID tag 120. It will be appreciated that verifier 100 may be configured with varying sets of fiducials 165 corresponding to varying types of RFID tags being verified. Depending upon the particular RFID tag being verified, a user could, for example, select from a pull down menu the appropriate fidicials 165.

Having been configured with the appropriate fiducials 165, a user may manually locate verifier 100 such that RFID tag 120 is centered within fiducials 165, thereby assuring that verifier 100 is located at the range of the ideal read position A from RFID tag 120. By introducing the appropriate skew to fiducials 165, a desired angular displacement from boresight direction 140 may be achieved. It will be appreciated that the alignment of fiducials 165 is with respect to RFID tag physical landmarks such as the tag outline. If the RFID tag antenna is assumed to be aligned in a precise fashion with the tag physical landmarks, then the alignment of fiducials 165 with the physical landmarks of the RFID tag produces a corresponding alignment with the RFID tag antenna. In such a case, fiducials 165 may be oriented such that by aligning them with the physical landmarks of the RFID tag being verified, a user will locate verifier 100 at the ideal read position A. However, the alignment of an RFID tag antenna may be skewed or unknown with respect to the physical landmarks. In such a case, verifier 100 may be configured to locate fiducials 165 within display 160 such that a user will scan across the transmitted RF beam from RFID tag 120 to find the maximum antenna gain direction 140. Verifier 100 may then locate fiducials 165 appropriately so that a user will align verifier 100 in the maximum antenna gain direction 140. Because the ideal range has already been predetermined and accounted for in the dimensions of fiducials 165, verifier 100 will then be at the ideal read position A discussed with respect to FIG. 3.

This scanning procedure may be better understood with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6. FIG. 5 shows an exemplary arrangement of fiducials 165 within display 160 such that when RFID tag physical landmarks 500 are aligned within fiducials 165, verifier 100 is offset from the maximum antenna gain direction 140. For example, fiducials 165 may be arranged such that verifier 100 is displaced to read position azimuth 1 as shown in FIG. 3. After the received signal strength is measured at read position azimuth 1, fiducials 165 may be aligned within display 160 as seen in FIG. 6 such that a user will be forced to scan across the antenna beam to another read position such as the read position for azimuth 2 in FIG. 3. As the user scans across the antenna beam, the verifier 100 continues to sample the antenna beam to measure received signal strength. In this fashion, a profile of the received signal strength may be expected as seen in FIG. 7. To form this profile, verifier 100 may monitor the location of the physical landmarks 500 within display 160 as the time of each measurement. For example, if a user scans slowly in a first portion of the scan and then scans more rapidly in a second portion of the scan, the profile should reflect that the measurement points within the first portion are more closely spaced than the measurement points in the second portion of the scan. By correlating the time of each measurements with the position of physical landmarks 500 within display 160 at each measurement time, each measurement may be located at the correct angular displacement as seen in FIG. 7. Verifier 100 may then analyze the profile to determine the maximum antenna gain direction 140. Having located maximum antenna gain direction 140, verifier may locate fiducials 165 within display 160 such that a user will be position verifier 100 at the ideal read position A. Verification of RFID tag 120 may then proceed as discussed herein.

In an alternative embodiment, rather than employ a visual orientation approach as just discussed, verifier 100 may be configured with a global positioning system (GPS) 800 as seen in FIG. 8. To perform an antenna beam scan, a user may first measure the coordinates of RFID tag 120. Knowing these coordinates, verifier 100 may then calculate the coordinates of the read position at azimuth 1 and 2 as discussed with respect to FIG. 3. The user would be instructed to move verifier 100 accordingly such that it scans across the antenna beam to form a profile as discussed with respect to FIG. 7.

Regardless of how the ideal read position discussed with respect to FIG. 3 is determined, a verifier may then be located at this ideal position. This is akin to locating a bar code label verifier normally with respect to the bar code label surface. It will be appreciated that having found the ideal read position, the verifier being located at this ideal read position need not be configured to include any imaging capability as discussed with respect to FIGS. 5, 6, and 7. Instead, a verifier that merely possesses the TSSI and RSSI capabilities discussed with respect to FIG. 2 is sufficient. But because this verifier is located at the optimal read position, the measure of quality it determines for the interrogated RFID tag is an absolute measure of quality for the interrogated tag. In other words, the absolute measure of quality is not affected by variables such as being located off-beam from the interrogated RFID tag. This absolute measure of quality may then be used as follows to classify RFID tags.

In a production environment, it will often not be possible or practical to mount a verifier at the optimal read location. In such environments, the verifier must often be located at a sub-optimal location such the measure of quality it obtains from interrogated RFID tags is affected by variables such as being located off-beam. With no other knowledge of its relationship to the optimal read location, the sub-optimally-located RFID verifier would have no way of knowing whether the interrogated RFID tag was providing a weak signal because the tag itself was defective or whether the interrogated RFID tag was good but simply being interrogated too far off-beam to receive an adequate signal. Embodiments of the present invention solve this dilemma by providing an RFID verifier that knows the relationship between the measure of quality that would be expected at its current location based upon the absolute measure of quality obtained at the optimal read location. This relationship may be referred to as a transfer function.

To obtain the transfer function, an RFID verifier such as RFID 100 of FIG. 1 may be used to measure, in the production environment, the absolute measure of quality for the particular type of RFID tag being verified. A “production” RFID verifier may then be mounted in its real-world location. As discussed with respect to subsequent reads of tags from the optimal read location, the production RFID verifier being located at a sub-optimal read location need not be configured to include any imaging capability as discussed with respect to FIGS. 5, 6, and 7. Instead, a verifier that merely possesses the TSSI and RSSI capabilities discussed, for example, with respect to FIG. 2 is sufficient. To obtain the transfer function, the production RFID verifier may interrogate an RFID tag whose absolute level of quality has been verified from the optimal read location. For example, the absolute level of quality for the interrogated tag may be an “A” level. However, from the sub-optimal location, the production RFID verifier measures the same tag to have a “B” level of quality. Thus, for this example, the transfer function is such that the measure of quality from the sub-optimal location must be increased by one grade. Advantageously, an absolute level of quality for the interrogated tags may be determined by the production RFID verifier.

The production RFID verifier may then be integrated or associated with a bar code printer. Bar code labels printed by the bar code printer supplement or duplicate RFID tag information as known in the art. An article having an RFID tag would may thus have a bar code label as printed by the bar code printer. However, because the production RFID verifier is associated with the bar code printer, articles having RFID labels that are not of a suitable quality level may be rejected immediately. An exemplary printer/verifier system 900 is shown in FIG. 9. Articles having RFID tags 905 are transported sequentially past a production RFID verifier 910. Because the production RFID verifier has been configured with the transfer function as just discussed, it may obtain an absolute measure of tag quality by sequentially reading them as they pass by. As illustrated, an article 920 is the one having its RFID tag 905 verified. An article 925 has already had its tag verified. Thus, a bar code label 930 from a bar code printer 935 has been applied to article 925. After article 920 has had its tag verified, an article 940 may be transported to the ideal read location, stopped, and have its tag verified, and so on. Those articles whose RFID tags 905 are not of suitable quality will be identified so that their RFID tags 905 may be replaced.

Because production RFID verifier 910 may obtain quality measures from each tag as they are sequentially transported past its location, these quality measures may be used, to reconstruct an antenna beam intensity or gain profile for the tag's antenna analogously as discussed with respect to FIG. 7. In the production environment, however, the antenna scan may not occur through the maximum antenna gain direction 140. However, because the transfer function is known, it is as if production RFID verifier 910 scans through this direction. It will be appreciated that certain types of RFID tags may have the same encoding but use different antennas. For example, one type of RFID tag may use amplitude shift keying in the same manner to encode its RFID information but be produced in two or more classes, where the antenna being implemented distinguishes each class from the remaining classes. Production RFID verifier 910 may distinguish and identify these classes within the same type of RFID tag by examining the antenna beam scan. By such examination, for instance, a dipole antenna intensity pattern may be distinguished from a patch antenna intensity pattern. In this fashion, production RFID verifier 910 may sort classes of RFID tags according to their observed antenna patterns.

The classification of RFID tags with respect to antenna types may be better understood with reference to FIG. 10. As seen in FIG. 10, an RFID tag 1000 having a bowtie patch antenna 1005 and an RFID tag 1110 having a dipole antenna 1015 are illustrated. RFID tags 1000 and 1110 have the same encoding and modulation scheme. Thus, a conventional RFID reader would be unable to distinguish these tags during normal operation. However, production RFID verifier 910 (FIG. 9) determines the corresponding beam intensity patterns while scanning tags 1000 and 1110 as they are transported past production RFID verifier 910. As illustrated, bowtie patch antenna 1005 produces a significantly narrower antenna intensity pattern than does dipole antenna 1015. Production RFID verifier 910 may be configured to store the expected beam intensity pattern as part of the transfer function discussed previously. By comparing the measured beam intensity patterns to the stored transfer functions, production RFID verifier 910 may classify tags according to their antenna types.

As just described, verifier 910 bases its quality gradations for the verified tags solely upon the RF energy interrogation of the tag being verified. However, it will be appreciated that these gradations may also be affected by other contextual information. For example, a user of verifier 910 may recognize that a certain class of articles are having their RFID tags verified. Alternatively, this recognition may be automated through a machine reading of SKU information. Given this contextual information, verifier 910 may alter its gradations accordingly. For example, whereas the same verified quality for one type of article may be classified as an “A” grade, this same verified quality for another type of article may be classified as a “B” grade. In addition, the classification of RFID tags according to their antenna types may also be influenced by SKU information. For example, one type of goods may be suitable for wide beam width tags whereas another type of goods will need tags having a narrower beam.

Consider the advantages of system 900—because the verification of RFID tags is context dependent, another verifier may be used to determine the worst-case scenario for subsequent verification of articles such as article 920 at a different location. For example, system 900 may be used to verify tags in a production environment. When the articles are shipped to a customer or intermediate location such as a warehouse, a user at these subsequent locations will want to be assured that the previously-verified RFID tags 905 are still readable. The transfer function from the production facility to the customer facility may be measured to enable this assurance. For example, the transfer function may be such that an “A” level tag at the production facility becomes a “B” level tag in the context of a customer's warehouse. Similarly, a “B” level tag may become a “C” level tag under this transfer function. If the user determines that only “B” level tags are acceptable at its warehouse, then system 900 at the production facility will only pass “A” level tags given this transfer function.

The classification process described with respect to FIG. 10 may be generalized and applied to RFID readers/interrogators that do not incorporate TSSI capabilities. Instead an RFID reader need merely be configured with knowledge of the expected beam intensity patterns and an RSSI capability. As such an RFID reader scans RFID tags, it may determine the beam intensity pattern as discussed with respect to FIG. 10. By comparing the measured beam intensity patterns to the expected beam intensity patterns for various known antenna types, the RFID reader may classify the scanned RFID tags accordingly. Moreover, such an RFID reader may be configured to scan at multiple frequencies such as 13.56 MHz, 915 MHz, or any other suitable RFID frequency. The RFID reader may then determine what frequency range the interrogated RFID tag responded to. In turn, the RFID reader may then identify the modulation protocol being implemented in the interrogated tag such as BPSK or ASK. Finally, the RFID reader may then identify the antenna type being implemented in the interrogated RFID tag as just discussed.

It will be appreciated that numerous modifications may be made to the preceding description. For example, the scanning process may be automated. In an automated embodiment, a verifier may be movably located on a mechanized positioner. The verifier would control the mechanized positioner so that a scan may be performed. Accordingly, although the invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments, this description is only an example of the invention's application and should not be taken as a limitation. Consequently, the scope of the invention is set forth in the following claims. 

1. An RFID verifier, comprising: a transceiver operable to interrogate with an interrogating signal an RFID tag and to receive a resulting backscattered signal from the interrogated RFID tag; a transmit signal strength indicator operable to measure the interrogating signal power; a received signal strength indicator operable to measure the signal power from the interrogated RFID tag; and a processor operable to compare the measured interrogating signal power and RFID tag signal power to obtain an measure of quality for the interrogated RFID tag, the processor being configured to classify the measure of quality with reference to a predetermined absolute measure of quality.
 2. The RFID verifier of claim 1, wherein the transceiver is a superheterodyne transceiver.
 3. The RFID verifier of claim 1, wherein the transceiver is a homodyne transceiver.
 4. The RFID verifier of claim 1, wherein the signal power from the interrogated RFID tag is backscattered signal power.
 5. The RFID verifier of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to classify the interrogated RFID tag into either a passing grade or a failing grade.
 6. The RFID verifier of claim 5, wherein the passing grade comprises a plurality of passing grades.
 7. An RFID tag verification method, comprising: determining an optimal location from which an absolute measure of quality may be measured from a first RFID tag; from a second location: determining a measure of quality for the first RFID tag to establish a transfer function between the measure of quality at the second location and the absolute measure of quality from the optimal location; interrogating a second RFID tag with a first interrogating RFID signal; measuring the power of the interrogating RF signal; receiving a modulated RF signal from a second interrogated RFID tag; measuring the power of the received modulated RF signal from the second interrogated RFID tag; and processing the measured powers from the interrogated second RFID tag with the transfer function to provide an absolute measure of quality for the interrogated second RFID tag.
 8. The RFID tag verification method of claim 7, wherein determining a first location from which an absolute measure of quality may be measured from a first RFID tag comprises: from a plurality of locations, interrogating the first RFID tag with a second interrogating RFID signal, the second interrogating RFID signal having the same power as the first interrogating RFID signal; at each of the locations in the plurality of locations, receiving a modulated RF signal from a first interrogated RFID tag; measuring the power of the received modulated RF signal from the first interrogated RFID tag for each of the locations in the plurality; comparing the measured powers of the received modulated signal from the first interrogated RFID tag to determine the greatest power, wherein the location with the greatest power is the first location.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: classifying the second RFID tag based upon its absolute measure of quality.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the classification comprises classifying the second RFID tag into either a passing grade or a failing grade.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the passing grade comprises a plurality of passing grades.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the classification of the second RFID tag is further based upon additional information.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the additional information comprises SKU information.
 14. A system, comprising: a bar code label printer; and an RFID verifier including: a transceiver operable to interrogate with an interrogating signal an RFID tag and to receive a resulting backscattered signal from the interrogated RFID tag; a transmit signal strength indicator operable to measure the interrogating signal power; a received signal strength indicator operable to measure the signal power from the interrogated RFID tag; and a processor operable to compare the measured interrogating signal power and RFID tag signal power to obtain an measure of quality for the interrogated RFID tag, the processor being configured to classify the measure of quality with reference to a predetermined absolute measure of quality, wherein the interrogated RFID tag is associated with an article, the system being configured to apply a bar code label from the printer to the article if the measure of quality is classified into an acceptable grade of quality.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the classification of the measure of quality is a function of SKU information from the article.
 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the transceiver is a superheterodyne transceiver.
 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the transceiver is a homodyne transceiver.
 18. An RFID tag verification method, comprising: determining an optimal location from which an absolute measure of quality may be measured from a first RFID tag; from a second location: determining a measure of quality for the first RFID tag to establish a transfer function between the measure of quality at the second location and the absolute measure of quality from the optimal location; interrogating a second RFID tag with a first interrogating RFID signal; measuring the power of the interrogating RF signal; receiving a modulated RF signal from a second interrogated RFID tag; measuring the power of the received modulated RF signal from the second interrogated RFID tag; and processing the measured powers from the interrogated second RFID tag with the transfer function to identify an antenna type implemented in the second RFID tag.
 19. An RFID tag classification method, comprising: providing a plurality of expected antenna beam intensity patterns, each expected antenna beam intensity pattern corresponding to a particular type of antenna; interrogating an RFID tag from a plurality of directions; measuring the power of a received modulated RF signal from the interrogated RFID tag to form a measured antenna beam intensity pattern; and comparing the measured antenna beam intensity pattern from the plurality of expected antenna beam intensity patterns to classify the interrogated RFID tag according to antenna type.
 20. An RFID reader, comprising: a transceiver operable to interrogate with an interrogating signal an RFID tag and to receive a resulting signal from the interrogated RFID tag; a received signal strength indicator operable to measure the signal power from the interrogated RFID tag; and a processor operable to process the measured signal power to form a measured antenna beam intensity pattern for the interrogated RFID tag, the processor being configured to compare the measured antenna beam intensity pattern with a plurality of expected antenna beam intensity patterns, wherein each expected antenna beam intensity pattern corresponds to a particular type of antenna, and based upon the comparison to classify the interrogated RFID tag according to an antenna type. 